====== Affirmation ======

The question has been raised whether a Quaker or other person with particular religious scruples about taking oaths can receive the degrees of Freemasonry by taking an affirmation instead. Given that the obligations of Freemasonry are symbolic in nature, and the prescribed forms of these obligations are integral to the symbolism, there is a prevailing view that the prescribed mode is the only one that should be used, making affirmations largely inadmissible.

The *London Freemason's Quarterly* (1828, page 286) notes that "a Quaker's affirmation is binding." This is acknowledged, but the issue is whether it is admissible within the framework of Freemasonry. Can the obligations be assumed in any manner other than the prescribed way, without altering the ritual?

According to Brother Chase (*Masonic Digest*, page 448), "Conferring the degrees on affirmation is no violation of the spirit of Freemasonry, and neither overthrows nor affects a landmark." This view is supported by the Grand Lodge of Maine (1823).

A report from a Committee, accepted by the Grand Lodge of Washington in 1883 and incorporated into the Masonic Code of that State (see the 1913 edition, page 130), states: "The solemn obligation required from all persons receiving the degrees may be made equally binding by either an oath or an affirmation without any change in the time-honored Landmarks." Similarly, the Grand Lodge of Rhode Island decided on November 13, 1867 (see also the 1918 edition of the Constitution, General Regulations, etc., of that State, page 34) that "An affirmation can be administered instead of an oath to any person who refuses, on conscientious grounds, to take the latter."

However, other Grand Lodges have taken an opposing stance. For instance:

- **Missouri**: The term affirmation is not recognized, and candidates must conform to the wording of the obligation as prescribed. This has been the rule set by successive Grand Masters.
- **Tennessee**: The Grand Lodge has maintained its position, and in 1919, it was held that the Grand Master had no authority to alter the Ritual to accommodate the religious views of a profane.
- **Kentucky**: The Grand Lodge continues to require candidates to take the obligation in the traditional manner.
- **Delaware**: There has been no change since 1890; applicants who wish to affirm instead of swear cannot be received.
- **Virginia**: Allows the use of an affirmation, though not by written law but by a decision of a Grand Master.
- **Pennsylvania**: The practice requires initiation using the traditional form, without deviation or substitution. A decision by Grand Master Africa of Pennsylvania on October 24, 1892, indicates that refusal to comply with certain landmarks disqualifies a candidate from initiation.

The general practice among Lodges in America is against the use of an affirmation. However, in England, Quakers have been initiated after taking an affirmation, based on the principle that any form of obligation accepted as binding by the candidate is sufficient.